Children develop at different rates, so while one child may be walking at nine months, another may not walk until they are two years old. However, no matter the age at which a child finally gets the hang of it, there’s no disputing that children grow very rapidly. Physical and mental changes occur from birth through late childhood and adolescence.

 

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Early Childhood Development: Stages and Key Milestones

 

Traditional Typical Developmental Milestones

4–5 months Looks at a talking adult Calmed by human contact Follows object with eyes	6–7 months Holds up head Looks toward someone talking Laughs
8–9 months Reaches for things Uses facial expressions rolls from stomach to back and back to stomach	10–11 months Creeps or crawls Picks up a dropped object Reacts differently to different people
1 year–1 year, 1 month Goes from sitting to standing Shows likes/dislikes Imitates gestures	1 year, 2 months–1 year, 3 months Looks where someone points Answers with simple gestures Imitates sounds
1 year, 4 months–1 year, 5 months Conveys wanting more Looks at something when it’s mentioned Walks at least four steps	1 year, 6 months–1 year, 7 months Stacks three blocks Holds out arms for dressing
1 year, 8 months–1 year, 9 months Expresses fondness for relatives Waves “bye-bye” correctly Points to body parts	2 years–2 years, 3 months Walks upstairs with support Uses nonverbal cues Follows simple instructions
2 years, 8 months–2 years, 11 months Uses vocal sounds or signs for words Understands “one more” Uses pencils or crayons	3 years–3 years, 5 months Takes off shoes and socks Uses a fork Points to correct pictures
4 years–4 years, 5 months Understands nonverbal gestures Repeats familiar songs Knows dolls represents living creatures	4 years, 6 months–4 years, 11 months Prefers playing with others Responds to familiar adults Desires playtime with peers
5 years–5 years, 5 months Takes off jacket Plays phone or computer game Sorts things by color, form, or size	5 years, 6 months–5 years, 11 months Wipes hands and face Urinates in toilet without help Knows difference between living and nonliving things
6 years–6 years, 5 months Throws a ball Copies a circle	6 years, 6 months–6 years, 11 months Carries an open container Walks upstairs and downstairs with alternating feet Is aware of others' feelings
7 years–7 years, 11 months Understands cartoon characters are not real Balances on one foot for 10 seconds Says “I’m sorry”	8 years–8 years, 11 months Jumps over things Carries on a conversation Keeps working for 30 minutes
9 years–9 years, 11 months Reads aloud Does single-digit subtractions Orders from a menu	10 years–10 years, 11 months Copes when mad Becomes embarrassed Has a greater understanding of social complexity and  relationships
11 years–12 years, 11 months Tells plot of story Makes up a story Carries on a back-and-forth conversation	13 years–16 years, 11 months Catches a thrown tennis ball with one hand Rides a bike Gives a presentation
17 years–21 years, 11 months Gathers/shares information on the Internet Wants to be part of a peer group Prioritizes assignments

 

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DOMAINS OF DEVELOPMENT

 

Physical: The child’s ability to perform tasks requiring large- and small-muscle coordination, strength, stamina, flexibility, and sequential motor skills.

• Physical development is comprised of either gross-motor skills or fine-motor skills.

 

Adaptive Behavior: The child’s competence in activities of daily living

• This includes the child's ability with tasks such as eating, dressing, self-care, functioning independently, and utilizing modern technology.

 

Social–Emotional: The child’s interpersonal relationship skills, social and emotional understanding, and functional performance in social situations.

• Specifically, this is the manner in which the child relates to friends, relatives, and nonrelated adults.

 

Cognitive: The skills necessary for successful academic and intellectual functioning.

• At younger ages, this includes skills that are prerequisites to scholastic functioning in academic areas such as reading, writing, arithmetic, computer use, and logic. At the preschool and older levels, the skills are more directly tied to the actual school curriculum.

 

Communication: The child’s expressive and receptive communication skills, as indicated through both verbal and nonverbal language.

• The use and understanding of spoken, written, and gestural language are part of communication, as is the ability to use communication devices (e.g., phone, computer) effectively. Skills include those that are either receptive communication and those that are expressive communication.

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ASSESSING CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT

The most effective evaluation of children’s development begins with an assessment covering a broad age range, updated norms, growth scores to monitor progress over time, and updated items to reflect changes in society, technology, and culture.

 

Assessing Childhood Development with the (DP™-4) Development Profile 4 

• Identifies areas where a child or young person needs extra support reaching any of these developmental milestones
• Assesses those who show signs of developmental delays and provides interventions
• Addresses needs of clinicians and other professionals to best assess children and young people in their care
• Identifies development traits from ages 0-21 years, 11 months
• Measures developmental domains of
  • physical
  • social-emotional
  • adaptive behavior
  • cognitive development
  • and communication

 

 

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